A11 (m11 to norwich) Essay Example

A11 (m11 to norwich) Essay Example A11 (m11 to norwich) Essay A11 (m11 to norwich) Essay Introduction Route Management Strategy is a technique developed by the Highways Agency to supply a model for pull offing single bole paths as portion of wider traffic webs. RMS s will mesh with Local Transport schemes ( set out in Local Transport Plans ) within the context established by Regional Planning counsel ( Ref para 3.1.34 A New Deal For Transport: Better for Everyone ) . The technique has been developed in order to: Help the Highways Agency in planning and optimizing investing in the Trunk/Motorway web Provide consistence, transparence, openness and integrating Maximise client focal point Improve frontward planning over a 10 twelvemonth skyline Mouchel Parkman is moving as advisers for the Highways Agency in presenting this RMS. Route Functions and Aims Path Functions Strategic Functions The Strategic maps of the path are: Part of the major nexus between London, the Midlands and East Anglia Path designated for high burden vehicles Key conveyance, vacation and leisure path Provides a major nexus to the port of Great Yarmouth Strategic nexus to Stansted Airport Regional Functions The Regional maps of the path are: Provides a nexus across Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and Norfolk Major nexus between regional Centres of population and employment ( i.e. Cambridge and Norwich ) Provides a beltway for through traffic Provides for the distribution of goods, industry and agribusiness Key entree to diversion along the path Local Functions The Local maps of the path are: Provides distribution map around population Centres Bypasses the towns along the path ; Cambridge, Newmarket, Thetford, Mildenhall, Attleborough and Wymondham Provides local entree and links to towns and small towns along the path Merely entree to some communities and single homes Path Aims Environment The Government Objective is: To understate the impact of the bole route web on both the natural and reinforced environment. The Route Aims are considered to be: To place where noise degrees are high To better air quality To promote traffic to utilize appropriate paths To utilize environmentally friendly lighting, where appropriate To protect watercourses To protect and heighten vegetations and zoologies, peculiarly Thetford Forest and Heath countries To work with responsible governments to keep a clean and tidy path To utilize sustainable stuffs, where appropriate Safety The Government Objective is: To better safety for all route users and contribute to the Government s new safety scheme and marks for 2010. The Route Aims are considered to be: To better safety for all users of the path to run into authorities marks for safety and accidents To better the proviso of lay-by installations to cut down driver weariness To better user security To better safety during route plants To rationalize and cut down the figure of direct entrees To better the safe operation of junctions To look into the proviso of improved lighting To accomplish a consistent high criterion of sign language and liner To promote travel at the appropriate velocity To supply appropriate exigency recreation paths Economy The Government Aims are: To take action to cut down congestion and increase the dependability of journey times. To give precedence to the care of bole roads and Bridgess with the wide aim of understating whole life costs. To educate developers about development associated traffic effects and the possible solutions. The Route Aims are considered to be: To lend to the strategic and regional map of the path To understate traffic break due to route plants To cut down congestion at junctions To better journey dependability To pull off the impact of new development along the path To accomplish optimal whole life costs with minimum break to users To maximize the handiness of the path for users To cut down congestion and extenuate the consequence of slow moving vehicles Handiness Government Objective is: To implement traffic direction, web control and other steps aimed at doing the best usage of the bing substructure and easing integrating with other conveyance manners. The Route Aims are considered to be: To better rhythm installations along and across the path To better entree to/from public conveyance To promote usage of appropriate proviso of public conveyance To better installations for non-motorised users To cut down community rupture To better installations for vulnerable route users Integration The Government Objective is: To lend to sustainable development by keeping, runing and bettering the bole route web in support of the Government s incorporate conveyance and land usage planning policies. The Route Aims are considered to be: To better user information To increase cognition of user forms To endeavor to incorporate the path with conveyance suppliers To lend to Local, Regional Transport Plans, Development Plans and Government Policies Possible Problems Following the period of public audience and both the RMS Seminar held in Thetford Forest on 29 April 2003 and the Value Management Workshop held at Bedford on 29 May 2003 a figure of Action Studies were raised to look into the identified jobs and place possible solutions: Fiveways Roundabout Thickthorn Traffic circle Lay-by Probe HGV A ; Oversize Vehicle Facilities Investigation Management of Road Maintenance Probe of Slip Road Standards Multimodal Opportunities A11/A14 Interchange Feasibility Safe Crossing Point at Elveden Road Safety at Elveden War Memorial Safety A ; Accessibility for Non-Motorised Road Users Probe of Gap Closures A ; Severance Ketteringham Junction Feasibility Safe Crossing Point at Fiveways Junction Landscape Management Plan Possible Actions Possible actions ensuing from the Action Studies and committed strategies include: TPI Attleborough Bypass TPI Fiveways to Thetford Closing of Tuddenham Gaps ( including reappraisal of severence ) Park Farm Gap Closure, Red Lodge Bridgeham Heath Peddars Way Crossing ( Stage 2 ) A11 Wymondham to A47 Thickthorn Concrete Carriageway Upgrade A11 Trunk Road Annual Safety Report Ketteringham Station Lane A ; Junction A11 Slip Road Study Wilbrahams Junction A11 Slip Road Study Moulton/ Chippenham Junction, Suffolk Pedestrian Facilities at Elveden Road Alignment Fiveways to Elveden Thickthorn Traffic circle Fiveways Roundabout Landscape Management Plan Biodiversity Management Plan A11 Slip Road Study Croxton Junctions, Norfolk Six Mile Bottom Drainage HGV A ; Oversize Vehicle Facilities Provision A ; Upgrade Accident/Maintenance Diversionary Paths Multimodal Opportunities Lay-By Provision and Upgrading Minor Intersections A ; Slip Road Standards Marker Posts/Emergency Telephones Besthorpe Junction Access Facilities for Non-Motorised Road Users Pedestrian Crossing at Fiveways Junction A11/A14 Interchange Feasibility The Actions identified above are included in the proposed ten twelvemonth direction program, which aims to steer the Highways Agency to pass the allocated financess for the A11 in the most appropriate mode over the following 10 old ages. Route description A 53 mile subdivision of the A11 is being considered for the Route Management Strategy. The A11 under consideration stretches north east from the M11/A1301 Stumps Cross Interchange ( junction 9A ) for 11.3 stat mis until fall ining the A14 at the Newmarket Bypass ( which is considered to be the A14 and outside of this survey ) . The survey country continues from the A14 Newmarket North Interchange, by and large north E for 41.7 stat mis, go throughing South of Mildenhall, short-circuiting Thetford and Attleborough to the North and Wymondham to the South, to the A47 Cringleford Thickthorn Interchange on the Norwich Southern Bypass. The A11 under survey base on ballss through the counties of Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and Norfolk. The A11 path bypasses all major small towns and towns along its length except for Elveden, which will be bypassed in the close hereafter For a ocular location of the RMS please refer to the map

saliva cortisol essays

saliva cortisol essays An increased amount of cortisol is released in response to a stressor which lasts longer than a few minutes this is released through a system called the hypothalomic-pituatry-adrenal axis (HPA axis). HPA axis is the combined system of corticopin-releasing hormone (CRH) adrenocorticotropohic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol release. Cortisol release is controlled by the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) which is positioned in the hypothalamus it is here that CRH is released when the person is put under stress this in turn causes the release of ACTH by acting on the pituitary gland this ACTH then causes the adrenal cortex to release cortisol. Cortisol is usually released in approximately fifteen minute bursts this occurs as CRH and ACTH are only released in pulses not a prolonged release over time this results in the level of cortisol dips between these pulses. Cortisol itself has roughly a half life of 100 minutes in blood. A prolonged burst of ACTH can cause the adrenal cortex to increase in size so that it can cope with the extra production of cortisol where as the opposite occurs if there is a decrease in the long term production of ACTH. The level of cortisol in the body is kept at safe levels by a process of negative and positive feedback throughout the brain. A certain amount of cortisol is always found in the bloodstream. Much like other things cortisol also has a circadian rhythm controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus the bodys internal clock. Cortisol peaks are found in the morning at approximately eight to ten oclock with the lowest amounts of cortisol being found in the evening before bedtime. This is due to the suprachiasmatic nucleus sending messages to the paraventricular nucleus approximately every hour causing CRH to be released resulting in the release of cortisol as described earlier. Abnormal circadian rhythms have been found in people with illnesses such as chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, se...

Definition of Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Definition of Happiness - Essay Example Religious situations can describe happiness as the emotion felt when respective beliefs and Gods have answered prayers from different individuals. For example, believers of a certain religion can be referred to as happy after their prayers have been answered through the expected ways. Biologically, happiness can be described through the release of various hormones in the body that trigger various emotions. Biologists study happiness as a feeling that originates from various body organs. External forces such as personal and group accomplishments can also cause happiness. Additionally, individual health may contribute to levels of happiness. Research shows that individuals from healthy areas are bound to be happier than in unhealthy locations. The biological structure of various individual affects happiness rates in both the individual and surrounding beings. Economically, happiness can be described as a success in various financial sectors. For example, increase in the gross national product of different countries may instill feelings of happiness to the citizens of respective countries. The economic status of a country has effects on the happiness levels of individuals. People from poor nations may not have high levels of happiness compared to those born in developed and rich countries. The sense of belonging affects the natural levels of happiness. Individuals from rich countries are bound to have most of their responsibilities catered for; hence avoiding stress and increases the chances of happiness. It is also noticeable that employees from well-paying firms are happier and more productive than those from poorly paying and maintained organizations. It can be further mean a feeling that an individual goes through when his/her wishes or expectations are met.  Ã‚  

Existentialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Existentialism - Essay Example This begins with the aspect that religion is a problem that afflicts humanity in daily struggles of life. For example, he asserts that religion has played the fundamental role of brainwashing and confusing people instead of providing light. This suggests that it has stopped being a necessity for humanity in their common endeavors to find meaning. There is also a disconnect between religion and nature that affects the existence of human beings amicably (Nishitani 339). This means that religion has a contradictory spectrum that conflicts with its necessity for the masses especially the poor. The writer makes some implications that people can always do without religion in their regular roles and responsibilities. This is through seeking the purpose of religion and aligning it with the essential needs of humanity especially in the understanding of life. Learning and arts in some aspects are not necessities as viewed by humanity in the context of sociological indoctrination. For example, in existentialism, the concept of the absurd affirms that humanity has nothing to gain from the world except the meaning they attach to its happenings. Additionally, the concept continues to add that there is a lot of meaningless in most of the things people value. This is also reflected in the futility of life whereby tragic events occur at the split of seconds without any warning (Nishitani 340). Therefore, the obsession with arts and learning in the context of education should be dissociated with the meaning of life to help humanity cope. Alternatively, even in the concept of authenticity in existentialism, it is upon the individual to find him/herself without making attachments to creations of other human beings. This suggests that a person should exercise his freedoms according to his wishes without getting affected by the demands of humanity. There are several consequential effects of attempting to force religion in the view of its purpose for the masses. This implies that it is a case of futility in attempting to understand the meaning of religion because it is not a necessity. It is also sociologically incorrect to subject it an existentialistic argument because it is devoid of human appeal. Another perspective deals with the issue of evaluating the merits and demerits of religion because it is also useless. This is because the seeking of religious quest leads to confusion in the search of the meaning of life. In other words, according to most of the existentialism concepts, there is no rationality in reaching decisions based on things defined by man (Nishitani 340). These include religious devotion and its eventual evaluation to derive some of meaning for humanity. It also connotes the sense of anger and despair in human beings on things that lack meaning in their daily existence. Religious quest is also paramount in terms of helping people to define themselves within the broader spectrums of nature. However, there are certain conflicting obstacles th at deter people from attaining the level of religious horizon or pinnacle. This is known to breed a sense of nihility and the questioning of self-being through doubts and indecisive moments (Nishitani 341). Therefore, in Nishitani’s assumptions, the ways become unblocked through the comprehension of nihility in its sense of unblocking the sense of self. The author defines nihility as a thing that attaches meaninglessness to the

Creation of the Food Dye Coloring of a New Drink Lab Report

Creation of the Food Dye Coloring of a New Drink - Lab Report Example Food coloring involves the use of chemicals that add the intended color to the food. It is added often to drinks, condiments, and processed foods with the major aim of improving or maintaining the way a certain food appears. The main goal of this experiment is to come up with a dye solution that has the same composition as the one contained in a given commercial beverage. Synthesizing artificial dyes is cheaper compared to naturally occurring ones. Food dyes are important because they are used for numerous functions. They are used by manufacturers to enhance colors which occur naturally, providing the identity of foods, decorative purposes like in cakes color the colorless foods, provide consistency where varieties exist in the coloring, and in avoiding color losses resulting from environmental elements.Food dyes that are commonly used are pure organic chemicals, therefore, their use is limited to very small concentrations. The dyes which have been approved to be used in foods, drugs , and cosmetics are referred to as FD&C dyes. They are mainly large organic molecules that are developed to enhance or color the foods. Food dyes are used in very low concentrations which have been tested to be safe when consumed by human beings. Dyes occur either in natural form or artificial form. Natural dyes are obtained from natural sources such as minerals, animals, and plants while artificial ones are produced synthetically.This experiment is limited to the use of UV-Vis spectrometer in determining absorbencies of various samples.

Depreciation And Provision For Depreciation Accounting Essay

Depreciation And Provision For Depreciation Accounting Essay Depreciation is the cost allocated as expense which has the effects of reducing the value of a fixed asset during the period it is used by a business. It is a non-cash expense and need to be charged to the Profit Loss account yearly which lowers the companys profit which increasing free cash flow. Fixed assets are long life. They are bought to assist in the operation of business but not with the main purpose of resale. They are in fact revenue-generating assets as they help to gain profit depending on their useful lives. Depreciable items include machinery, vehicles, buildings and fixtures There are reasons why assets may depreciate: Obsolescence: Assets are replaced because new and more efficient technology has been developed. Depletion or Exhaustion: The values of assets such as mines, quarries and oil wells diminish due to the extraction of raw materials from them. Passage of Time: Assets which have limited period of life in terms of years. The term amortization instead of depreciation is often used to refer this. Physical Deterioration: Assets become worn out after used. It becomes less cost- effective to perform and spend more to maintain and repair. The two most common methods used to calculate depreciation expense are: Straight line or Fixed Installment Method Reducing Balance or Diminishing Balance Method Straight Line Method An equal amount of depreciation over the estimated useful life of an asset is allocated for each year. Example : Original Cost : $30000 Estimated Residual Value : $6000 Estimated Useful Life : 6 Years Annual Depreciation = Original Cost Residual Value Estimated Useful Life = $ 30000 $6000 6 years = $4000 Reducing Balance Method Depreciation is calculated as a fixed percentage based on the book value of an asset at the beginning of the accounting year but not the cost of the asset. Example : Original Cost : $20000 Estimated Useful Life : 4 Years Rate of Depreciation : 20% per annum on the reducing balance Depreciation = Rate of Depreciation x Book Value at the Beginning of the Accounting Year Calculation $ Cost 20000 Year 1 (20% X 20000) (4000) 16000 Year 2 (20% X 15000) (3200) 12800 Year 3 (20% X 12800) (2560) 10240 Year 4 (20% X 10240) (2048) Net book value at end of Year 4 8192 Provision for Depreciation Provision for depreciation records accumulated depreciation. It is an asset contra account, hence a credit balance as shown as a deduction from the related fixed asset in the Balance Sheet. The balance of the provision for depreciation increases with time and the book value of the fixed asset decreases with time. Provision for  depreciation  account is the liability of business. By making provision for depreciation account, companys balance sheet will reflect the current value of fixed assets. When asset is sold, it accumulated provision for depreciation will be transfer from the credit side of provision for depreciation account. Then, we will compare it with the sale value of asset. If sale value of asset is more than the current book value of asset after adjusting from provision for depreciation, it will be profit on sale of asset. Why do business, companies, etc. include depreciation expenses and its provision in their financial statements? Reasons: To match the earning revenue The very first reason is to match the earning revenue. Depreciation is directly related to the matching concept. Matching concept is a concept that matches the expenses with related revenues. Under the matching concept, in a particular accounting period that the expenses are the cost of the assets used to earn the revenue, if there are no expenses there will be no revenues. Revenues cant generate without expenses. Therefore, when the expenses are matched with the revenues generated in the same period, the results will be the net profit or loss for that period. Example, consider ABC Woodworks Company, a woodworking business that purchases its own custom  woodworking machinery.   When ABC Woodworks Company purchases a new custom piece of machinery, this new machine is durable enough to last for several years.   In accounting terms, this means that the equipment is in use over several reporting  periods, not just the one in which the machine was purchased. Technological obsolescence Besides that, the purpose of depreciate the assets is to because of the technological obsolescence. Technological obsolescence generally occurs when a new product has been created to replace the old version. When a machine has ends its useful life, the business will need to buy another new machine to continue in order to produce goods. For an example, if the technology has been obsolete, the value of the revenue in the market will be very low. In that moment, the business will write off ( i.e. fully depreciated) the technology and the needs to buy a new and advance technology arise. Wear and Tear Next, the third reason of depreciation is wear and tear. What is wear and tear? It means that the asset has physically degenerated due to wear and tear in used. The more we used the assets the greater the wear and tear would be. There are many reasons of physical deteriorate of an asset example: erosion, accident, friction etc. The wear and tear is general but it is also cause of depreciation. Bad Debts Bad debts are the debts that are uncollectable from the debtors / customers. This usually happens when the firm sells an item on credit to the customers. A debt that is considered that wont be able to collect back by accountant only known as bad debt. For example, the customer has declared bankrupt, and this is where the accountant write the debt as bad debt. The accounting entry for bad debt is: Debit Bad Debt Expense Credit Account Receivable The credit entry reduces the account receivable balance while the debit entry increases the bad debts account which is expenses. Example: Tom Ltd sells goods to Jerry Ltd for $ 1000 on credit. Tom Ltd then found out that Jerry Ltd has been owed few companies, therefore there is a very low possibility that they will pay for the goods. Tom Ltd should write off the receivable from Jerry Ltd for this situation. The double entry will be recorded as: $ $ Debit Bad Debts Expense 1000 Credit Jerry Ltd (Account Receivable) 1000 The accounting solution is to make an allowance for bad debts, making the bad debts against sales when the bad debts accrued. Bad debts are needed to make appropriate adjustments to accounting data. Allowance for Doubtful Debts Doubtful debt is an expense to the business. It is a debt which is unlikely to be able to collect before turn to be bad debt. At the end of accounting period the budget of the business must be made on those amounts of the debtors. If we do not provide this account of doubtful debts, we may not be able to present a good productivity and profits of the business. In most circumstances it is estimated by applying a percentage to its debtors balance, which is likely go bad, during any one accounting period. The percentage is derived from the past experience of trend. In the first accounting period, the doubtful debt estimated will be recorded in full. In the subsequent accounting period, the variance of current and past period will be recorded. To record the increase in the doubtful debt estimation: Debit Profit and Loss (Expenses) Credit Allowance for doubtful debt To record the decrease in the doubtful debt estimation: Debit Allowance for doubtful debt Credit Profit and Loss (Revenue) Example: A business started on 1 January 2010. Its accounting period ended 31 December 2010. The total amount of debtors at the end of the accounting period was $30,000. It was estimated that 2% of the debtors would eventually go bad due to certain reasons but there was no evidence whether they were bankrupt or dead. Allowance for doubtful debt = % x Total debtors (after deducting bad debt) Solution: Allowance for Doubtful debt = 2% x $30,000 = $600 Debit Profit and Loss (Expenses) $600 Credit Allowance for doubtful debt $600 Reasons for Computing Allowance for Doubtful Debts Have a more accurate end of year account Not all debts will be decent at the end of the year account. This may be due to many different causes which consist of your debtor going bankrupt, dying or refuses to pay. These causes could mean that your business does not get all the money that was anticipated. This is why computing allowance for doubtful debts are so important. When you make an estimation based off a certain percentage you are giving your account a much more accurate lookout to go off. This means at the end of the year you will not be in huge astonishment if one of your debtors has been incapable to pay you. This means all your purchases will be more advantageous to the business overall. Will be capable to budget correctly Being capable to budget correctly is an advantage to any business. It will allow you to control and estimate cash flow well and also make more well-versed purchase decisions. When you make allowances for doubtful debts you are having fewer of a turnover at the end of the year. Yet the benefit is that you will not overspend on any stock, advertising or worker costs. Keeping your costs down is helpful to any businesses attainment. This is due to the fact overspending can put your business in a bad spot and avoid you from doing what is correct for your business. This is done to avoid over-stating the assets of the business as  trade debtors  are reported net of doubtful debt. These points are the main twos that you have to deliberate when making allowances. They are not the only two, but the two that can affect how you think about allowances for doubtful debts. Even if doing credit and debit accounting is not your thing it is also completely possible to outsource the entire process. This may charge you a bit of money but at the same time it will do your business a world of good and it is cheap compared to the possible risks. By keeping tracks of the amount of allowance for doubtful debt accounts, it will also mean that the bad debt expense will be stated closer to the time of sales rather than waiting for the account to be determined as uncollectable. Also, when the debtors of the company are paying well, the expense of allowance for doubtful debt may decrease. When this happens, it will be considered as revenue of the company. Thus, allowance for doubtful debt may not always be an expense to the company.

An analysis of the relationship between the hospitality culture and employees in China :: Business, Organization

According to Adelman et al. (1994); Bitner(1990); King (1985); King and Garey (1997),former research on service management have not considered the influence of culture on provide the service from staff. Tsang (2011) state that hospitality culture were focused on researches in recent years in China. Hospitality culture is not only very important for the hospitality industry, but also very significant for employees. In addition, hospitality culture is involved four factors: materials culture, behaviors culture, spiritual culture and rules culture. The key point of hospitality culture is spiritual culture, because this can determine the value of other cultures in the hospitality organization. Why hospitality culture so significant? There is some evidences to prove that hospitality culture is significant to the hotel organization. The First aspect, hospitality culture can improve the hotel services level and increase the turnover level. Mattila (1999) and Stauss and Mang (1999) argued that the customer estimate the service would depend on hospitality culture.The hotel has strict discipline to manage the staff, and staff must comply with the institutions during their working time. According to Martin and Lundberg(1991), Bennigan's is a America restaurant chain, it created research to find out why consumers did not come to their restaurants. The consequence is that only 15 per cent of consumers did not satisfied with the food, but 67 per cent of the consumers are dissatisfied with the staff's attitude. For instance, customers receive satisfying services, so they will remember these services and want to receive those services again next time. Although this is not enough to evaluate the results of a hotel service, it can make a good impression in customers’ minds. Secondly, it is not easy to fail the hotel have good culture in the strong competition of the hospitality industry. Nowadays, more and more businesses are focusing on hotels, so the hotel industry is face with fierce competition. When hotels have the same level of facilities,and hotel culture is the key point to estimate the hotel services. In addition, hotel culture can improve the position in the same industry. Hospitality culture and employees influence on each other. On the one hand, hospitality culture has some advantages and disadvantages to affect employees. At first, it can promote the skills of employees, because the hospitality lay out to train the employees’ skills. Shames and Glover (1988) claimed that human interaction and communication are involved in service experience as same as a social experience.