ECONOMICS Spring 2015 Exam 1 Essays - Economic Liberalism

ECONOMICS Spring 2015 Exam 1 Essays - Economic Liberalism ECONOMICS Spring 2015 Exam 1 Part A: Matching Write the correct letter for the statement on the line provided. 30 Points ____b__1.The study of how people use their scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited wants a.Private Property ___d___2.Limited productive resources to satisfy peoples unlimited wantsb.Economics ___g___3. A business that is chartered by a state and legally operates apart from the owner or owners who organize or run itc.Entrepreneur __i____4. 2 or more people agree to contribute resources to the business in return for a share of the profit d. Scarcity ___j___5. A firm owned and run by one person. May hire workers. e. Free Enterprise ___c___6.A profit seeker who develops a new product or process and assumes the risk of profit or loss.f.Opportunity Cost __f____7. The value of the best alternative passed up for the chosen item or activity g. Corporation ____e__8.Freedom of a private business to organize and operate for a profit, in a competitive system, without interference by the government beyond regulation necessary to protect public interest and keep the national economy in balance. h.Competition __h____9. The rivalry for customers among those companies or individuals who produce the same kinds of goods and services. i. Partnership __a___10. The fact that any person in the U.S. has right to own land, other means of production, or even ideas. j. Sole Proprietorship Part B: Multiple Choice 42 pts __a___1. Of the 3 Basic Economic questions, in question 1, they determine what gets produced: A.Buyers and producers C.Government B.BuyersD.Individuals __c___2. The value of the next best alternative that has to be given up when choices are made is called A.scarcity C.opportunity cost B.trade-offD.competition _b____3. Which is true of the free enterprise system? A.People have the freedom to take risks and earn profits. C.Competition is limited in most industries. B.There are few laws regulating how businesses should operate.D.State governments strictly regulate how much property a business may own. _a____4. In the circular flow of economic activity, the public A.receives money income like wages from governmentsC.Gives sales dollars to governments B.receives tax income from both the government and businessD.sell more goods to foreign countries than to the public. __a___5.The chart shown above represents the free enterprise system as it is practiced in the United States. Based on the chart and your knowledge of economics, select the choice that best completes this statement: In the circular flow of economic activity, business firms A.receive money from both governments and public households.C.receive no money from governments. B.receive money but no productive services from public households. D.receive no money from public households. __b___6.In the circular flow of economic activity, Governments receive A.Money payments of wages from businessC.Money payments of sales dollars from public B.Money payments of taxes from businessD.Money payments of interest from public _b____7. A major disadvantage of a corporation, a type of business organization, frequently has is difficulty A.raising large sums of money.C.paying for talented managers. B.making major decisions quickly.D.establishing business centers in other countries. __c___8. Burger King and McDonalds are an example of A.A MonopolyC.Competition B.ScarcityD.Private Property __d___9. In our economy, which service is generally provided only by the government and not the private sector? A.operating universitiesC.running hospitals B.building housesD.building highways _c___10.These are provided to citizens by federal, state, and local governments A.Private goods and servicesC.Public Goods and Services B.Private GoodsD.Private Transportation b____11.Which of the following is NOT a function of government in our society? A.Government uses tax revenue to provide public goods to its citizens.C.Government uses tax revenue to redistribute income to those in need. B.Government regulates supply and demand.D.Government uses fiscal policy to attempt to ensure economic stability. _b___12.Each day after school, Caroline practices soccer for 90 minutes to prepare for the upcoming team tryouts. She could spend this time watching movies with friends, but she's decided that practicing is more important. Watching movies with her friends is Caroline's A.income.C.favorite pastime. B.opportunity cost.D.investment in human capital. _d___13.One characteristic common to most entrepreneurs is a(n) A.advanced education.C.substantial inheritance. B.desire to work in a large established company.D.willingness to take risks. __a__14.Owning your own business by yourself and having unlimited liability likely illustrates what type of business organization? A.Sole ProprietorshipC.Corporation B.PartnershipD.Conglomerate Part C: Short Answers - Choose 2 of the following statements and answer them in at least 4 sentences for each. Be sure to label your choices. 8 pts each 1.Explain what we mean by Scarcity. What is Unlimited? What is Scarce? 2.Who is Adam Smith and what is the Invisible Hand Theory? 3.Explain Basic Question #3, Who gets what is produced? 1) Scarcity is the basic economic problem that arises because people have unlimited wants but resources are limited or scarce. Because of scarcity,

Views of Marx and J.S.Mills on Accumulation and Crises Essay

Views of Marx and J.S.Mills on Accumulation and Crises - Essay Example Karl Marx In his theory of surplus value, Marx asserts that the working class or the proletariat exchange their labour for wages with the capitalist class or the bourgeoisie. Unlike in slave and feudal societies where goods were produced for consumption, in capitalist economy, commodities are produced for exchange in the market with the value of exchange being money. Since labour is also exchanged for wages, it is also regarded as a commodity and social relations assume mysterious form of relationship between things concealed by a veil of money. The labourers are alienated from the means of production and produce goods for the capitalists which they in turn exchange to get a profit. However, if workers are productive, they produce more than they would have produced in a normal working day but all the profit realised goes to the capitalist as labourers receive only the normal wages. This is what Marx referred as surplus value of labour (Eatwell and Milgate 2011, p. 192). According to Marx, the surplus value in feudal societies is consumed while in capitalist societies, surplus value is reinvested to produce more surplus value. He referred to reinvestment of surplus value as accumulation of capital (Callinicos 2011). However, the motive for accumulation is not greed but a result of social mechanisms which result in competition between many capitals and a capital that does not reinvest itself is pushed out of the market. As observed by Eatwell and Milgate (2011, p. 195) capitalist production involves circuit of capital from money and commodity. The money is used to produce commodity which is then sold for money used to produce more items. However, difficulties may arise when converting commodity to money because money need not be turned immediately to commodity hence sale and purchases are separated. The seller can hoard money if the investment is not yielding enough profits hence breaking the cycle and therefore, the possibility of crisis is inevitable. In the cr isis theory, Marx asserted that the origin of crisis is the systemic elements of capitalism as a mode of production and basic social order (Callinicos, 2011). These factors include: full employment profit squeeze, underconsumption, and tendency of the rate of profit to fall. In feudal societies, a crisis occurs due to underconsumption but in capitalist societies, it is based on the law of tendency of the rate of profit to fall. As xxx observes the tendency of the rate of profit to fall is due to increased labour productivity which makes demands on the constant capital such as machinery or raw materials. As a result, amount of constant capital grows relative to variable capital leading to higher composition of organic capital and consequently low profit. The value of constant capital according to Marx does not depend on original cost of labour time but labour time for reproducing it hence it diminishes as labour productivity grows leading to low profit. In his study, Marx asserts tha t permanent crises does not exist as indicated by Smith and Malthus in their analysis that overproduction leads to permanent reduction in rate of profit. He believes that a crisis is a transitory stage of capital accumulation and therefore short-run effect. In the process of capital accumu

The Future of Cloud Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Future of Cloud Computing - Essay Example In this report a discussion will be presented using the concepts provided in the chapter and in the scholarly articles about the increased use and advancements in the computer technologies. This report will analyze all three forms of the discussion and present agreements and disagreements with the authors about the future of these topics. This will reflect an individual understanding about the topic on which an appropriately structured conclusion will be developed. CHAPTER SUMMARY The findings proposed in the chapter show that the use of IT and advancement in the computer technologies require that new methods evolve. For ensuring the safety of the data providing non physical spaces to the users for storing the data have led to such innovations. The developments in mobile computing segments, artificial intelligence and cloud computing are the examples of the developments in the IT industry. These facilities provide safe storage of the data online and make accessibility easier. Associa ted to these advancements are several advantages and disadvantages. The examples of such systems are Google cloud storage, Apple’s cloud, Microsoft’s cloud and other facilities like Dropbox and Amazon. There are four forms of the information clouds namely, 1. Global information/ Internet 2. External information cloud 3. Local information cloud 4. ... The main reasons why users prefer using the cloud facilities are archiving the data in backup, store application data, computing, sharing data and building apps and websites. SCHOLARLY ARTICLE 1: MODELING AND SIMULATION OF CLOUD COMPUTING SOLUTION FOR DISTRIBUTED SPACE DATA STORAGE AND ACCESS IN MOBILE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS Then high bandwidth radio telescopes generate large amounts of digitized data. The challenge associated with this is to provide the ease of access with highest efficiency of the data which is recorded. The main emphasis of the topic is to understand the storage and the retrieval of the space signals. This requires advancement in setting the core technologies and implementing it completely within the cloud computing paradigm. The article is a proposition which suggests cloud computing solutions. Within the distributed space it is required that the data stored can be accessed and at the same time it can become a part of the mobile communication networks. The modeli ng and the simulation results of the processes assist in developing an understanding that the proposed solutions perform satisfactorily in extracting the data from the specified space. The future of this process shows utter reliance on the cloud computing processes for data storage. Verification of the importance of the process and implementation of the process shows its importance in the future (Kurmis, Dzemydiene, Didziokas, & Trokss, 2013). The author of the paper is suggesting that the cloud computing process is acquiring popularity and the ease of access is providing in setting the methods which can enhance the usage. He further suggests the methods which can lead to advancements of the process. SCHOLARLY ARTICLE 2: HEAD IN THE

USA Consumer Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

USA Consumer Law - Essay Example Casey became so upset and distracted owing to nightmares that lead to her job loss. She wants to move out of the house but her effort to sell it could not even fetch a half of what he had spent in its purchase. Casey obviously feels deceived and treated unfairly by the seller as the latter failed to disclose the happenings that had happened in the house prior to its painting and subsequent sale. However it is not clear whether the seller is in real estate business and the fact that his mother was brutally murdered in his house does not out rule this possibility. It is clear that at the time the transaction took place, the buyer intends to purchase the house for her household, family or personal purposes and not for resale. As such we will consider Casey (buyer) to be a consumer. Since this forms a consumer transaction, the buyer can initiate legal claims under deceptive trade practices under the Federal Trade Commission Act or the Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act that she was deceived by the seller. Casey in her legal claim that she was deceived by the seller, she can refer to the fact that the advertisement that she relied on was misleading and thus illegal. The advertisement described the house to have just been painted but upon the neighbor visited Caser, he informs her of what had happened in the same house and at this point we realize that it had been repainted so as to attract a new the buyer as opposed to the normal painting. The actual statement in the advertisement concerning the product’s (the house) quality and ingredients (painting) is fake. Also the advertisement described the house to be â€Å"a perfect house, in excellent condition.† The wording of this statement aims at guaranteeing the buyer of satisfaction and value for her money on acquiring the house. But the statement is deceptive since the seller has

Urban Consolidation :: essays papers

Urban Consolidation Factors and Fallacies in Urban Consolidation: Introduction As proponents of urban consolidation and consolidated living continue to manifest in our society, we must ensure that our acknowledgment of its benefits, and the problems of its agitator (sprawl), do not hinder our caution over its continually changing objectives. Definition Like much urban policy, the potential benefits that urban consolidation and the urban village concept seek to offer are substantially undermined by ambiguous definition. This ambiguity, as expressed through a general lack of inter-governmental and inter-professional cohesion on this policy, can best be understood in terms of individual motives (AIUSH,1991). * State Government^s participatory role in the reduction of infrastructure spending. * Urban Professional^s recognition of the increased variability, robustness, and interest in both the urban area and their work. * Conservation Activist^s commendation of the lower consumption of resources, and reduced pressure on sensitive environment areas, suggestive of a reduction in urban sprawl. * The Development Industry^s equations of profit established through better and higher levels of land use. Essentially urban consolidation proposes an increase of either population or dwellings in an existing defined urban area (Roseth,1991). Furthermore, the suburban village seeks to establish this intensification within a more specific agenda, in which community is to be centred by public transport nodes, and housing choice is to be widened with increased diversity of housing type (Jackson,1998). The underlying premise of this swing towards urban regeneration, and the subsequent debate about higher-density development, is the reconsideration of the suburban ideal and the negative social and environmental implications inherent in its continuation (Johnson, 1994). In reference to this regeneration is the encouragement of greater community participation, a strengthening and broadening of urban life and culture, and a halt to physical, environmental and economic decline (Hill,1994). Myths and Misunderstanding The relative successes of practical solutions to the urban consolidation model are constrained within the assumptions underpinning them. Appropriating community desire towards a more urban lifestyle ignores the basic fact that people chose to live in the suburbs (Stretton,1975). Suburbia as an ideal, is a preference based on perpetual stability, be it though neighbourhood identity or the act of home ownership ^ a view not reflected in planning models heavily biased towards highly mobile societies. Cost benefits deemed to be provided by higher-density living, in terms of more efficient use of infrastructure, are realized primarily in the private sectors (Troy,1998). A result inconclusive to State government objectives towards reduced public spending. Traffic reduction as an expressed direct result of higher-density residential living is largely incorrect. A falsehood achieved by using density as a substitute for sociological variables such as income, household size, and lifestyle characteristics (Moriarty,1996). Traffic reduction stems primarily from a decision to drive (Engwight,1992), a

Valentines Day Party Ideas

Valentine Dance Party Ideas for Teens Ads by Google korean used cars for sale korean bus, truck, new & used cars korean used car exporter   www. roadmatecar. com The DDOS Specialist Identify and block DDOS attacks automatically and in real time. www. riorey. com Looking for Angelica? Find Family & Friends on Facebook. Create a Free Profile – It's Easy! Facebook. com/Angelica Ideas for a great Valentine's Day dance or party for teenagers, including themes, party favors, Valentine decor, food, & activities for your special event.By Janienne Jennrich on Jan 20, 2011 Share Login to post a comment Looking for ideas for a a teen or high school Valentine's Day dance or party? Valentine's Day is February 14. What a terrific time for a special indoor event to celebrate friendship and love! Whether you are interested in planning a large semi-formal or formal dance or a more intimate teen event, there are many ways to create a unique atmosphere with Valentine's Day theme suggestions al ong with decorating, food, and activity ideas. Should the Teen Event Have a Theme?A large event will often have a theme to pull together all the decorating, activities and so on. Having an overall color scheme and style, at least, can help bring plans into focus. For smaller casual parties at home, simply announcing the event date and providing good food and music may be plenty. The most obvious and simple Valentine decor theme is, of course, hearts. A heart-filled party or dance room is easy to create on the cheap, using paper or foam board decorations (and maybe lots of red glitter) and some red, pink and white balloons.Valentine party goods are readily available at party shops, online, and even at dollar stores. Hearts are sweet and simple, but you may be looking for something more unique. A Royalty Themed Valentine Event for Teenagers Prince William and his bride were married in a royal wedding in 2011. For an over the top and epic party, pull out all the stops and make attendee s feel like royalty! Invite princes and princesses to wear their finest to a Royal Valentine Ball. A little corny? Maybe. But if you can't have some fairy tale fun around Valentine's Day, when can you?Invitations rolled up like royal scrolls and tied with ribbon are charming for hand-delivering to friends. For a large school or community event, a scroll design can be included as a border on printed fliers or posters. Add calligraphy or use a fancy computer font to play up the image of a royal event. Consider including: * A long red carpet leading into the ball room (check party rental suppliers) * Ballot boxes for voting for â€Å"Sweetest Princess,† â€Å"Most Dashing Prince,† â€Å"Most Fairytale-Like,† and â€Å"Most Romantic Couple. Award winners with party crowns. * A rose-covered arch or another pretty background for photo opportunities * Lots of sparkle in decorations, party favors, and lighting * Fun and fancy gold-trimmed signs on restroom doors, such as â€Å"Princess's Throne Room† and â€Å"Prince's Throne Room† * A real horse and carriage (preferably white) to take couples on romantic rides around the party area * Make a simple heart-shaped ice sculpture using a ice mold (sold on Amazon or in party supply stores).Display the ice sculpture among flowers as a main centerpiece. Depending on the location, budget and number of teenagers attending the royal event, food and drinks can be simple or extravagant. Ice water and heart-shaped cookies are very nice for a lower-budget event. If money is less of an issue, fill dessert tables with lovely and romantic treats like pretty chocolates and mini Valentine cupcakes. To add a bit of elegance and romance, line food platters with roses and/or add single roses in slim glass vases to the serving table.Offer sparkling cider or an elegant party punch to drink. If you get stuck for idea, watch the ballroom scene of the movie Cinderella (and maybe you'll end up having a Cinderel la themed party! ) Hugs and Kisses Theme – XOXO Valentine Party for Teens XOXO means hugs and kisses and works as an elegant or casual Valentine's dance theme. Hugs and kisses can be those of friendship, so this party theme need not be too mushy (unless mushy is what you want! ). Consider including: A photo spot with props like big huggable teddy bears, giant lips, big hearts and X's and O's * X and O shaped confetti sprinkled on tables * Small tic-tac-toe games printed on red paper (Get it? Tic- tac-toe = X and O? ) * Big X and O shapes, drawn with washable sidewalk chalk, on a concrete walkway, porch, or curb area to welcome guests * Hershey's chocolate Kisses and Hugs candies (with a sign that says â€Å"Get your Hugs and Kisses Here! â€Å") X and O letter shapes are easy to make, so there's no need to be especially artistic to make great decorations.Scrapbook and craft stores may carry large foam, wood, or cardboard shapes to use in party decor. Party colors for this t heme could be pink and white, red and white, black and white, black and silver or a combo of any other of these or other colors. Or who says you can't have a neon green and purple Valentine dance? Not me! Take this theme and run with the ideas for an awesome event all your own! More Fun Valentine Dance or Party Activities These ideas can be used at any Valentines dance, whether or not there is a theme. Flood the dance floor with balloons. With lots of balloons scattered all over the floor, spontaneous bopping and fun balloon fights will happen. * Set up a table where guests fill out kids valentines & â€Å"address† tiny envelopes. Include lots of cheap valentine cards with popular characters like Scooby-Doo, Hello Kitty and Snoopy. Make sure there are some fun stickers (which often come with valentines) and plenty of pens. Teens can write on the cards and give them to each other at the event.Listen for the laughs as stickers get stuck to guests cheeks, noses and clothes. * Fo r other teen Valentines ideas, see Valentine Craft Making Party or  Valentine Tea Party. Find even more Valentine ideas at We Love Valentines. Valentine's Day is Feb. 14, so mark your calendar and get planning! Resources Read more at Suite101:  Valentine Dance Party Ideas for Teens | Suite101  http://suite101. com/article/valentine-dance-party-ideas-for-teens-a335328#ixzz2K6lp3I00   Follow us:  @suite101 on Twitter  |  Suite101 on Facebook

Linking Adverse Childhood Experiences - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2676 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? Abstract   I am interested in studying the ways in which adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) effect adult intimate relationships in women. My research will focus primarily on the victim of ACEs and not the perpetrators. To better understand this research question, I must provide a clear definition of trauma. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Linking Adverse Childhood Experiences" essay for you Create order I will be using ACES (adverse childhood experiences) to describe traumatic experiences. An ACE in exposure to any of the following prior to the age of eighteen. Namely, recurrent physical abuse; recurrent emotional abuse; sexual abuse; physical neglect; emotional neglect; alcoholic or drug abuser present; an incarcerated family member; a chronically depressed individual in the household; an individual who is institutionalized or suicidal; violence between adults at home; parental separation or divorce. I propose to study the impact of these adverse childhood experiences. More specifically, regarding intimacy and relationships for the abused as they progress as adults. My study will rely on preexisting research as well as self-report surveys where individuals reveal the presence of a childhood experience that would be regarded as traumatic by the ACEs standard. My research will be conducted in a qualitative participatory social justice format. I will validate my findings by insuring that all my articles are peer reviewed and abide by ethical standards. This research presents a necessity for heightened sensitivity considering this is a very touchy subject and sometimes emotional for an individual to disclose. Certain issues regarding ethical standards must be addressed. I will commit to disclosing the purpose of the study to all participants, and I will not pressure participants into signing consent forms. I will be sure to avoid deceiving or exploiting participants and avoid collecting harmful information. There is substantial research that exist which analyzes the effects of ACEs, however, my research will investigate how these traumatic experiences impact adult sexual behavior specifically. I will simultaneously examine intimate relationships overall. I am seeking to determine whether there is correlation between ACEs and asexuality in adults. I am also seeking to determine if childhood trauma can cause nymphomania. I will begin by defining my terms. Adverse childhood experiences is defined by Service Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA) as being stressful or traumatic events, including abuse and neglect. They may also include household dysfunction such as witnessing domestic violence or growing up with family members who have substance use disorders. ACEs are strongly related to the development and prevalence of a wide range of health problems throughout a persons lifespan, including those associated with substance misuse. ACEs include: Physical abuse; Sexual abuse; Emotional abuse; Physical neglect; Emotional neglect; Intimate partner violence; Mother treated violently; Substance misuse within household; Household mental illness; Parental separation or divorce; Incarcerated household member (Samhsa 2018). Intimacy is defined as being associated in close personal relations, showing a close union or very private and closely personal. A relationship is defined as being a connection, association or involvement. For my research I am defining an intimate relationship as being one that is a closely personal involvement between two individuals. Asexuality is defined as being independent of sexual processes, especially not involving the union of male and female germ cells and free from sexual desires or sexuality. Scherrer (2008) examined asexual identity, which works across two axes. The first axis of asexuality concerns sexual desire: at one end is its non-presence, such as in those who simply define as asexual or even sex-repulsed. At the other end are groups such as those identifying as grey-a, who exist in the grey area between asexuality and other sexual identities, as well as demisexuals, who feel sexual desire under certain circumstances, such as when a relationship develops. The second axis concerns romantic attraction. I intend to uncover a link between this sexuality type and ACEs. It is important to note that through my research I have discovered that proponents of asexuality vehemently deny a link between their current sexuality and the presence of ACEs. I do however intend to look more closely to determine if these links do in fact exist despite adamant denial from certain asexual individuals. I want to inquire about the passionate response to deny this assertion. Nymphomania is defined as being an abnormally excessive and uncontrollable sexual desire in women. In the 19th century nymphomania was recognized as a disease with organic symptoms and causes according the article referenced by Gronnen, 1994. This article does not list these causes of nymphomania and I will attempt to uncover these causes in my research and determine if ACEs is a cause for nymphomania. Women who have experienced ACEs have reported risky sexual behaviors, including early intercourse, having had 30 or more sexual partners, and perceiving themselves to be at risk for HIV/AIDS. Sexual minorities who experience ACEs also demonstrate earlier sexual debut according to a 2015 study (SAMHSA 2018). Inadequate research exist that investigate sexual well-being of sexual minority women in a dating relationship who experiences sexual abuse. Most research examines experiencing child sexual abuse (CSA) and then experiencing Adolescent and adult sexual victimization (AASV). CSA can cause negative health outcome in women. Women who experience CSA are at more risk of victimization. This causal relationship may increase the negative psychological and sexual sequelae of CSA (Crump, 2017). Women who have experienced both childhood and adulthood sexual assault report more sexual anxiety and difficulty experiencing orgasm. Compared to women who experienced trauma only as an adult. Lemieux and Byers found that CSA and adult sexual assault (ASA), had negative effects on sexual well-being but made no contribution to revictimization. On average, sexual minority women with and without a history of CSA or SA describe sex as being a positive experience. Sexual minority women (SMW) who experienced CSA that involved penetration or attempted penetration, report poorer sexual well-being in the following areas. Lower sexual desire, lower sexual satisfaction, and more frequent negative automatic thoughts. This is 3 out of 7 independent variables in this research and it indicates that CSA affects some but not all aspects of sexual well-being. Research found that fondling had no effect on sexual well-being (Crump, 2017) 67% of SMW with a history of CSA had also experienced AASV. CSA results in greater exposure to social and individual factors that increase a womens risk for AASV such as, substance abuse problems and insecure attachment. SMW may have difficulty leaving unhealthy situations or even identifying them in the first place. Many men and women are victims of childhood trauma. I am curious as to what impact this has on these individuals when they become adults. Some questions that I will answer through my research include: Do these experiences had adverse effects on people as adults? Are those who experience childhood trauma likely to inflict trauma upon a child? Is there intergenerational continuity in adverse childhood experiences? How did this experience influence quality of life? Answering these questions will be meaningful for the individuals being studied because it will help them understand themselves more and potentially provide an explanation for certain circumstances. In what ways does trauma during childhood impact an individuals intimacy as an adult? To properly address this research topic, I must first study the prevalence of childhood trauma. 45% of children in the United States experience one ACE. 1 in 10 children experience 3 or more ACEs and in most regions the prevalence of ACEs is higher in black and Hispanic populations nationwide (Child Trends 2018). 61% of black non-Hispanic children have experienced one ACE compared to 40% white non-Hispanic children and 23% Asian non-Hispanic children. Asians have the lowest rate of ACEs nationally. Research has found that the highest risk for negative outcomes are consistent in those who have experiences multiple ACEs. Some studies suggest that the experience of four or more ACES is a threshold above which there is a particularly higher risk of negative physical and mental health outcomes (Felitti et al, 1998). Economic hardship is the most common adverse childhood experience which is reported for 25 to 26 percent of children regardless of age. Divorce is the second-most-common ACE experienced by children in each age group. About equal numbers of children ages birth to five have lived with someone who has an alcohol or drug problem, or have lived with someone with mental illness. Living with someone with an alcohol or drug-use problem is reported among 12 percent of 6- to 11-year-olds and 15 percent of 12- to 17-year-olds. One in seven 12- to 17-year-olds (14 percent) was the victim of, or witness to, neighborhood violence. According to the Crimes against Children Research Center. 1 in 5 girls are victims of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). 20% of adult females recall an instance of CSA. Children are most vulnerable to experience CSA between the ages of 7-13. A Bureau of Justice Statistics report shows 1.6 % (sixteen out of one thousand) of children between the ages of 12-17 were victims of rape/sexual assault (Lalor 2010). The consequences of sexual abuse are devastating. A child who is the victim of prolonged sexual abuse usually develops low self-esteem, a feeling of worthlessness and an abnormal or distorted view of sex. The child may become withdrawn and mistrustful of adults, and can become suicidal (Lalor 2010). My research is intended to focus on what is considered to be an abnormal or distorted view of sex. In majority of cases where there is credible evidence that a child has been penetrated, only between 5 and 15% of those children will have genital injuries consistent with sexual abuse (Lalor 2010). Children who had an experience of rape or attempted rape in their adolescent years were 13.7 times more likely to experience rape or attempted rape in their first year of college (Lalor 2010). This statistic supports the assertion that childhood sexual trauma is connected to traumatic experiences later in life. Studies suggest that sexual abuse of children is an international problem (Finkelhor 1994). It is important to note that America is not the only country that is faced with this issue and this shows that this is a nationwide issue which should illicit a nationwide plan of action to combat. Child sexual abuse (CSA) includes a broad range of behaviors, which can be perpetrated across a broad range of intra familial and extra familial relationships, and there is considerable variability in the duration and frequency of the abuse (Paine Hansen, 2002). The longer the abuse occurs, the more detrimental the impact on these children. The more brutal the abuse is, the more the child will suffer in the long run. Findings are consistent in indicating that the presence of ACEs can have devastating consequences on children as they progress into adulthood. Instances vary depending on societal circumstances whether a child is at risk for experiencing ACEs. Worldwide recognition of child abuse dates back to the 1960s with the coining on the phrase battered child syndrome. This came about because of the widespread prevalence of unexplained bruises and broken bones on children in hospitals. In the 70s and 80s there was substantial development in the literature surrounding preventative methods for these situations. Childhood sexual abuse has the greatest impact on sexual behavior patterns in adulthood compared to all other forms of abuse. Several sociological theories examine patterns of behavior related to adverse childhood experiences. A question that is not often addressed in the research is on implications that these experiences have are sexual and intimate relationships and how they may impact sexual behavior patterns as adults. Attachment theory discusses a persons ability to form attachments and the ways that this is influenced by an individuals socialization as a child. Developed by Bowlby in 1973, attachment theory contributes that kids develop behavior patterns based on the relationship they have with a primary care giver. Infants form attachment that makes a child feel safe, secure and protected (Grady 2017). The quality of this relationship based of infant needs and caregiver responsiveness. Depending on the relationship models by the caregiver, the child will look for similar attachments in future relationships. Three organized patterns and one unorganized pattern of caregiving. One is secure attachments and the rest are insecure attachments. Children develop attachment security when they view caregivers as empathetic and they receive the attention that they need on a consistent basis. This is organized because the child knows what to expect. These secure attachments are necessary for emotional development and these people retain stable views of relationships and quality level of self-esteem. Insecure attachment has 3 categories. Anxious, avoidant, and disorganized (Grady, 2017). Children develop insecurities when they are neglected, abused. Insecurely attached people view intimate relationships as threatening and make efforts to avoid feelings of vulnerability. Kids who develop anxiety have likely experienced an upbringing with caregivers who are unpredictable. Individuals who experience a disorganized upbringing have had a primary caregiver who is frightening, and the child is unsure how to respond. These kids do not fall into one behavior pattern therefore are labeled disorganized. People who experience insecure attachments are more likely that kids with secure upbringing to experience challenges emotionally, behaviorally and in intimate relationships. There are several theories linking ACEs and adult behavior patterns. A study conducted by CDCP and Kaiser Permanente shows that child maltreatment and household disfunction were common and these factors led to a series of health and social problems (Fetlitti et al, 1998). Study supports that this encourages high risk behavior as coping mechanisms. Negative consequences are amplified when the trauma is not validated by the victim and family and these consequences decrease when the victim and family acknowledge the trauma. There is research which supports that children who experience ACEs will not have negative outcomes. There is extensive research on the concept of resilience which is positive adjustment. This can be influenced by extracurricular activities and achedemic achievements. Some children show a strong ability to adapt to adversity. Early family bonding reduces chances of committing violent crime (Werner 1993). Resilience is conceptualized as the focus on positive outcomes during youth. Peer relationships are important in adolescent development specifically when young people begin to spend more time with peers than family. Peer are social influences and can provide support. It is said that these relationships can increase self-esteem and help adolescent develop necessary coping skills. Research suggest that strong peer relationship have a more positive affect on youth from lower functioning families. At time these relationships act as substitutes for that social support. School completion is linked to better quality of life. School engagement is shown to be connected to perceived importance of school. Feeling close to school may result in more positive school behaviors (Finn 1993). School disengagement is associated with dropping out. References Cormier, L. A., OSullivan, L. F. (2018). Anti-climactic: Investigating how late adolescents perceive and deal with orgasm difficulty in the context of their intimate relationships. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 27(2), 111â€Å"122. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.2018-001 Crump, Lyndsay, and E. Sandra Byers. 2017. Sexual Well-Being of Sexual Minority Women in Dating Relationships Who Have Experienced Childhood Sexual Abuse and/or Adolescent and Adult Sexual Victimization. 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